This study explores a little-known failure of Jimmy Carter’s administration in South Korea. Martial law was imposed in the country on May 17, 1980, by the head of the military, Chun Doo-hwan; on May 18, Chun sent special forces troops into the city of Gwangju to suppress a peaceful student protest of the martial law. During a nine-day period (known as the Gwangju Uprising), hundreds of citizens were murdered and wounded; because of a long-standing history with the United States, many people expected the American embassy to mediate the crisis. A few days after the event ended, though no officials had stepped in to stop Chun, bureaucrats did visit Seoul to continue trade deals with the Koreans. The reticence of the US to stop Chun’s military from harming its own citizens and the proximity of the nuclear power plant deal so close to the end of the Uprising calls US intentions into question while the rise in anti-American sentiment created a diplomatic failure that has never been resolved.
Jehovah’s Witnesses in Europe
This history documents the persecution of Jehovah’s Witnesses in Eastern Europe. It compares their survival under different political systems, from dictatorships to modern Russia, where a renewed ban has returned Soviet-era conditions of repression.
